Everything about Promagistrates totally explained
A
promagistrate is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a
magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office. A legal innovation of the
Roman Republic, the promagistracy was invented in order to provide Rome with governors of overseas territories instead of having to elect more magistrates each year. Promagistrates were appointed by
senatus consultum; like all acts of the
Roman Senate, these appointments were not entirely legal and could be overruled by the
Roman assemblies, for example, the replacement of
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus by
Gaius Marius during the
Jugurthine War.
Promagistrates were usually either
proquaestors (acting in place of
quaestors),
propraetors, acting in place of
praetors, or
proconsuls acting in place of
consuls. A promagistrate held equal authority to the equivalent magistrate, was attended by the same number of
lictors, and generally speaking had autocratic power within his province, be it territorial or otherwise. Promagistrates usually had already held the office in whose stead they were acting, although this wasn't mandatory. Other promagistrates include the
procurator, acting in place of a
curator.
The institution of promagistracies developed because the Romans found it inconvenient to continue adding ordinary magistracies to administer their newly-acquired overseas possessions. Therefore, they adopted the practice of appointing an individual to act in place or capacity of (
pro) a magistrate (
magistratu); a promagistrate was literally a lieutenant. Subsequently, when
Pompeius Magnus was given proconsular
imperium to fight against
Quintus Sertorius, the Senate made a point of distinguishing that he wasn't actually being appointed a promagistrate: he was appointed to act not in place of a consul (
pro consule), but on behalf of the consuls (
pro consulibus).
The Roman legal concept of
imperium meant that an "imperial" magistrate or promagistrate had absolute authority within the competence of his office; a promagistrate with
imperium appointed to govern a province, therefore, had absolute authority within his capacity as governor of that province; indeed, the word
provincia referred both to the governor's office or jurisdiction and to the territory he governed. A provincial governor had almost totally unlimited authority, and frequently extorted vast amounts of money from the provincial population — he'd total immunity from prosecution during his term in office. It became fairly common for provincial governors to seek continual election to office to avoid trial for extortion and bribery, two famous examples being
Gaius Verres and
Lucius Sergius Catilina.
The near limitless power of a high-ranking promagistrate has led to the term "proconsul" being used to designate any high-ranking and authoritative official appointed from above (or from without) to govern a territory without regard for local political institutions (
for example, one who isn't elected and whose authority supersedes that of local officials). One of the most prominent examples of this is
Douglas MacArthur, who was given vast powers to implement reform and recovery efforts in
Japan after
World War II, and has been described occasionally as "the American proconsul of Japan".
It was formerly the rule that the heads of all
Curial Congregations must be
cardinals, and until the later twentieth century they were titled Pro-Prefects until they were raised to that dignity.
On their appointment,
Nuncios are also appointed
bishops. In the time of
Pope Pius XII, some priests were appointed Nuncios without being raised to the status of bishop. They were not called "Pro-Nuncios", a title that historically was given to Nuncios from the moment their appointment as cardinals was announced until their departure for Rome, and that was revived for some twenty years (ending in 1991) as a distinct title for Nuncios accredited to those countries that didn't follow the tradition of considering the Nuncio as Dean of the Diplomatic Corps from the moment he presented his credentials.
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